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Rural News

How to beat barley grass in two years

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Norco Agrisolutions

How to beat barley grass in two years

Dr Gurjeet Gill, associate professor at The University of Adelaide, says their research has shown large differences in seed dormancy between barley grass populations, leading to plants escaping control and causing seed bank replenishment late in the season.

“In 2018, we collected barley grass seed from 143 random populations from farms in the low rainfall zones of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia.

“In 2019, we identified two barley grass populations with contrasting seed dormancy from Upper Eyre Peninsula. These investigations into the role seed dormancy plays in weeds evading herbicide control have provided valuable insights into the management of barley grass,” he said.

Dr Gill said practices such as cropping intensity and sowing time can impose huge selection pressure on seed dormancy and shift the time of seedling emergence of weed populations. Such high dormancy populations are more difficult to manage than those that emerge as a single flush after the opening rains (i.e., low dormancy).

With investment from the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), Dr Gill and weeds researcher Ben Fleet have shown that effective barley grass control requires a two-year, multi-pronged strategy.

“Weed populations with high seed dormancy will have a slow and staggered weed establishment, which will reduce the effectiveness of pre-sowing knockdown herbicides, and dormant barley grass may also evade some pre-emergent herbicides,” Dr Gill said.

Management of both barley grass and brome grass will be one of many topics discussed at WeedSmart Week 2022 in Mildura, Victoria, from 30 August to 1 September.

What effect does seed dormancy have?

In brief: Late weed germination and seed bank replenishment.

The details: The effect of cropping intensity on weed seed dormancy has been studied extensively for ten years or more in different weeds. It is now well-established that higher cropping intensities select for greater weed seed dormancy.

The two barley grass populations with contrasting seed dormancy from Upper Eyre Peninsula collected in 2019 came from two paddocks – one with a low cropping frequency and one with a high cropping frequency. The difference in time required for 50% seed germination between the two populations was more than threefold (13 days vs 46 days).

In the random survey of barley grass across the low rainfall zones, seeds collected from the southern plains of NSW exhibited the lowest dormancy, emerging in an average of 8.9 days.

Populations from the central plains of NSW took 13.2 days, while seeds from the Victorian and South Australian Mallee took an average of 18.5 days to emerge. The average time to emergence for Western Australian populations was similar, ranging from 13.8 to 17.7 days.

The average for the barley grass populations collected from the Upper Eyre Peninsula was the highest dormancy of 32.6 days.

Barley grass seed that is still dormant at the time of crop planting will not be a target for pre-sowing knockdowns. Depending on the pre-emergent herbicides applied, the seed may germinate after the herbicide has broken down.

How to counter barley grass seed dormancy?

In brief: Crop competition, use effective pre-emergent herbicides such as Sakura in wheat, Clearfield crops using Group 2 [B] herbicides and stop seed set.

The details: Barley grass that germinates several weeks after the crop should be at a distinct disadvantage to the crop, resulting in lower weed biomass and seed production. However, if this seed finds itself in a poorly competitive crop there is an opportunity for significant seed bank replenishment.

This is compounded if the dormant barley grass seed is also resistant to Group 1 [A] and 2 [B] herbicides, as detected in low levels in WA, SA, and Vic. There are also some cases of barley grass resistant to glyphosate.

Higher crop seeding rate and altering the time of sowing have been consistently successful in combating weed seed dormancy and provide a good place to start. Harvest weed seed control is difficult due to the early maturity and seed shedding in barley grass.

How long does barley grass seed remain viable?

In brief: Up to two years.

The details: Seedbank persistence of barley grass was investigated in South Australia at three field sites – Karoonda (low rainfall), Roseworthy (medium rainfall) and Tarlee (high rainfall) for four years.

At the high rainfall site, barley grass emerged only in Year 1. At the medium and low rainfall sites, there was 0.2% and 12% emergence respectively from the initial seedbank in Year 2 and no emergence observed in Years 3 and 4. In WA, most barley grass seedlings emerged within a year; however, some barley grass establishment was observed in Years 3 and 4.

In paddocks with increasing numbers of late-germinating barley grass plants, implement a two-year Big 6 management program, incorporating competitive crops, alternative sowing dates, herbicide-tolerant break crops, effective herbicides and consider a winter clean with pasture or fallow to target barley grass.

 

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What are you really feeding

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The North Coast Local Land Services biosecurity team can provide advice to primary producers in helping manage pest animals which can impact heavily on their bottom line.
Norco Agrisolutions

What are you really feeding

 

The North Coast Local Land Services biosecurity team can provide advice to primary producers in helping manage pest animals which can impact heavily on their bottom line. With supplemental feeding becoming more common with seasonal dry times, their advice is to get ahead of pest problems before they have an even greater impact.

Feral deer, feral pigs, wild dogs and foxes can all affect a primary producers’ bottom line by directly competing with livestock for feed or by killing or maiming them.

Dean Chamberlain, Team Leader Invasive Species for North Coast Local Land Services said, “We can all see that things are dry and feed on the ground is getting short and so can our pest animals.

“Feral deer and feral pigs will not only eat your pasture and any crops you may have planted but are also quite happy to eat the hay or grain supplement you might be feeding your cattle.

“Feral deer and feral pigs are capable of learning that the cattle feeder in the paddock is a good source of high-quality feed and will quite happily come and eat your hard-earned dollars and they can also affect water quality by wallowing in waterholes and creeks.” Dean said.

The North Coast Local Land Services biosecurity team can provide advice to primary producers in helping manage pest animals which can impact heavily on their bottom line.

The North Coast Local Land Services biosecurity team can provide advice to primary producers in helping manage pest animals which can impact heavily on their bottom line.

Wild dog and fox attacks tend to increase in times of dry weather as native animals become less abundant and available as a source of food. As the main calving season is occurring weaker cows will mean weaker calves which are easier prey for wild dogs and potentially foxes.

“Wild dogs hunting in packs, sometimes up to ten, are known to pull down weaners and grown cattle by running them to exhaustion or chasing them into gullies and scrub where they become trapped.

Dean continued, “Foxes can do damage to cows and calves and have been known to chew the tongues of newborn calves and chew the teats of cows that have difficulty calving.

“Attacks on small livestock such as sheep, goats and alpacas also become more common as they are seen as an easy target.” Dean said.

Primary producers who want to know more about managing their pest animal issues are encouraged to contact the North Coast Local Land Services Invasive Species team by calling 1300 795 299. 

 

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Local News

Supporting flexible early childhood education and care for rural and regional NSW

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More families in rural and regional NSW will have improved access to early childhood education and care (ECEC) when and where they need it most following the launch of a new trial grants program.
Norco Agrisolutions

Supporting flexible early childhood education and care for rural and regional NSW

 

More families in rural and regional NSW will have improved access to early childhood education and care (ECEC) when and where they need it most following the launch of a new trial grants program.

With a pool of $20 million over two years, services across the state are encouraged to apply to participate in the Flexible Initiatives Trial (the Trial) which will provide grants to fund new or adapted operating models.

The Trial has been designed to empower providers to better cater to the needs of local families, recognising communities across the state face different challenges when it comes to accessing ECEC.

For example, parents in major regional centres such as Wollongong, the Central Coast, and Newcastle may be commuting to Sydney for work and could benefit from:

  • extended hours of care beyond traditional working hours
  • flexible pick-up and drop-off times
  • improved access to ad hoc care arrangements outside of scheduled hours

In outer regional, remote and very remote areas of NSW, the trial will support the establishment of new family day care services.

Smaller and more dispersed communities could also benefit from:

  • funding for staff recruitment
  • transport for eligible children to and from care
  • partnerships between 2 different service types to provide extended or wrap-around care arrangements.
More families in rural and regional NSW will have improved access to early childhood education and care (ECEC) when and where they need it most following the launch of a new trial grants program.

More families in rural and regional NSW will have improved access to early childhood education and care (ECEC) when and where they need it most following the launch of a new trial grants program.

Acting Deputy Secretary of Early Childhood Outcomes, Mark Barraket, said the NSW Department of Education is committed to making sure all children in NSW get the best start in life.

“To achieve this goal, we must acknowledge and address the unique challenges faced by rural and regional communities across our state,” he said.

“The Flexible Initiatives Trial is a part of our commitment to addressing concerns about choice and availability of quality early childhood education and care experiences for every child.

“The Trial is not a one size fits all model, it is designed around the needs of each community. How it will look in Wollongong or Newcastle is very different to the new or adapted operating models that will be trialled in our state’s west.”

Applications are now open for the first round of the program, and close on 1 December 2023.

Visit the NSW Department of Education website for more information, including the program guidelines and eligibility.

The Trial is the first in a suite of grant programs and partnerships to be delivered in 2023-24 under the NSW Government’s 10-year Childcare and Economic Opportunity Fund (the Fund).

The Fund will help deliver on new initiatives that supports those who need it most – children, families and the early childhood education workforce.

It will also be used to provide $500 per child of fee relief to 3-year-old children attending eligible preschool programs in long day care centres, effective from early 2024.

“The Childcare and Economic Opportunity Fund will create real and long-lasting change in NSW. Bold and exciting new initiatives are being developed to respond with long term solutions to the most pressing needs experienced by the early learning sector, by families and by children,” Mr Barraket said.

 

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Local News

SafeWork inspectors targeting safety standards at oyster farms

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SafeWork NSW inspectors are visiting oyster farms in coastal area of NSW to ensure farmers are meeting their work healthy and safety obligations as they enter a busy time of the year.
Norco Agrisolutions

SafeWork inspectors targeting safety standards at oyster farms

 

SafeWork NSW

SafeWork NSW inspectors are visiting oyster farms in coastal area of NSW to ensure farmers are meeting their work healthy and safety obligations as they enter a busy time of the year.

In 2023, SafeWork has increased work health and safety compliance to support itinerant workers, particularly in the agricultural, forestry and fishing sectors to ensure they are operating in safe working environments.

Workers involved in the aquaculture industry are faced with a unique set of circumstances in their day-to-day activities, resulting in a broad range of hazards coming to the forefront including electrocution, crush related injuries, chemical exposure, lacerations, drowning and skin cancer.

Machinery and plant involved in oyster farming is susceptible to serious wear and tear due to the harsh UV conditions and saltwater these machines are exposed to. Inspectors will be ensuring machinery and equipment are in good working order, have attachments fitted correctly and have a seat belt to protect operators.

SafeWork NSW inspectors are visiting oyster farms in coastal area of NSW to ensure farmers are meeting their work healthy and safety obligations as they enter a busy time of the year.

SafeWork NSW inspectors are visiting oyster farms in coastal area of NSW to ensure farmers are meeting their work healthy and safety obligations as they enter a busy time of the year.

Eligible farmers are encouraged to access the SafeWork small business rebate or request a free advisory visit or workshop for practical support to help with farm safety.

Further advice on staying safe in the aquacultural industry is available on the SafeWork website.

 Quotes to be attributed to Director WHS Services Regional Tony Williams: 

“Farmers continue to be overly represented in serious workplace injuries and fatalities and SafeWork will always be committed to ensuring we do all we can to see these numbers fall.

“When we think of farming, we often only mention land-based farming such as livestock or grain, however those involved in the aquaculture industry continue to be faced with unique challenges every day and must not be forgotten.

“Oyster farms employ a large number of itinerant workers and SafeWork inspectors will be ensuring these workers are properly trained, supervised and are operating in a safe environment.”

 

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