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Covid-19 reinfections add to the risk of acute complications and long Covid

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Covid-19 reinfections add to the risk of acute complications and long Covid

Regular screening with very highly sensitive rapid antigen tests are a key factor in reducing transmission

In the early days of the pandemic, it was rare to hear of people catching Covid twice. The Omicron variant that emerged in late November has changed that.

As new variants have emerged, and immunity from previous infection and immunisation has reduced, reinfection with Covid-19 is becoming increasingly common. Some people have been infected four times in the past two years.

A study published in March from the South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis found the risk of reinfection has “increased substantially”. This is supported by research from scientists at Imperial College, London that reports the chance of testing positive again is 5.4 times greater with Omicron than Delta.

And now there are several omicron variants circulating around the world, all of which are highly transmissible and very good at overcoming immunity, whether it’s from vaccination, prior infection or both. These omicron variants don’t just evade the protection one may have gained from a non-omicron version of SARS-CoV-2; they make it possible to catch the newer variants of omicron even if the infected person has had the original omicron variant before.

According to a report from July 8, the Australian Health Protection Principal Committee acknowledge that reinfections can occur as early as within 28 days and has adjusted the reinfection period from 12 weeks to 28 days.

Of more concern however, is the theory that reinfections may, in fact, be enhancing the disease, where a misfiring immune response to the first infection exacerbates the second. In dengue fever, for example, antibodies to an initial infection can help dengue viruses of another serotype enter cells, leading to a more severe and sometimes fatal second infection. And in other diseases, the first infection triggers ineffective, non-neutralising antibodies and T cells, hampering a more effective response the second time around.

Repeatedly catching Covid-19 appears to increase the chances that a person will face new and sometimes lasting health problems after their infection.

Dr Ziyad Al-Aly, a clinical epidemiologist and chief of research and development at Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System compared the health records of more than 250,000 people who had tested positive for Covid-19 one time with records from 38,000 others who had two or more documented Covid-19 infections. More than 5.3 million people with no record of a Covid-19 infection were used as the control group.

Among those with reinfections, 36,000 people had two Covid-19 infections, roughly 2,200 had caught Covid-19 three times and 246 had been infected four times. Common new diagnosis after reinfections included chest pain, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, inflammation of the heart muscle or the sac around the heart, heart failure and blood clots. Common lung issues included shortness of breath, low blood oxygen, lung disease and accumulation of fluid around the lungs.

The study found that the risk of a new health problem was highest around the time of a Covid-19 reinfection, but that it also persisted for at least six months. The increased risk was present whether someone had been vaccinated or not, and it was graded – meaning it increased with each subsequent infection.

Al-Aly said there is this idea that if you have had Covid before, your immune system is trained to recognise it and is more equipped to fight it, and if you’re getting it again, maybe it doesn’t affect you that much – but that just isn’t true. What this study shows is that each infection brings new risk, and that risk accumulates over time.

Even when viruses shape shift – as influenza does – our immune system generally retains its memory of how to recognise and fight off some part of them. They may still make us ill, but the idea is that our prior immunity is there to mount some kind of defence and keep us from serious harm. With coronaviruses, and especially SARS-Cov-2 coronaviruses, the hits just keep coming.

Already there’s another omicron subvariant that has caught the attention of virologists: BA.2.75 was first detected in India in early May. Since then, it’s been found in Europe, the United States, New Zealand and Australia. The chief scientist with the World Health Organisation (WHO), Soumya Swaminathan, has said that BA.2.75 appears to have mutated in a way that could indicate “major immune escape” but it’s too soon to know whether it will overtake BA.5 as the dominant variant.

Graham Gordon, Founder and CEO of Gardian, an Australian-based MedTech company that has developed a robust, and verifiable Covid screening program that effectively eliminates Covid ingress onsite said: “We understand pandemic fatigue, but the virus is not done with us.

“Unfortunately, many people are viewing the pandemic as part of the fabric of modern life rather than an urgent health emergency. There is a significant resurgence, and we’re seeing increasing numbers of infections. Clearly this is a global concern.”

Australia is nearing the numbers of Covid hospitalisations and daily deaths it saw during the January peak, but these are just the tip of the iceberg. As Covid hospitalisations increase, it strains other areas of the health system. And beyond the direct suffering of such a massive outbreak, there are likely to be economic disruptions as tens of thousands of people become too sick to work.

“We are already being warned that a new batch of variants could come out of the blue,” said Gordon. “So, if you are at higher risk of serious illness or just want to avoid getting sick, it’s a good time to be wearing a N95 mask in public and using a rapid antigen test that has a low level of detection (LoD) so that you can detect infection prior to becoming infectious.

“The same precautions used to prevent infection over the past two years are as relevant today as they have always been – wearing masks, social distancing, vaccinations, and a robust screening process are still necessary – and they work just as well for avoiding reinfection.”

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Breast Cancer Awareness Month

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Breast Cancer Awareness Month

The Honorable Aileen MacDonald has reminded the public that October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

Ms. MacDonald emphasised the importance of supporting the National Breast Cancer Foundation during this time, as breast cancer remains the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia, claiming the lives of nine people each day.

“The aim of Breast Cancer Awareness Month is to shine a light on the devastating impact breast cancer has on thousands of Australians each day,” Ms MacDonald said.

“The statistics are alarming. Every year more than 21,000 people in Australia, including around 200 men, will be diagnosed with breast cancer,” she said.

“It saddens me that every year more than 3,300 people in Australia, including 33 men, will die from breast cancer.”

Ms. MacDonald encouraged everyone to undergo screenings, as early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment for breast cancer confined to the breast.

“If you experience any symptoms such as lumps, dimples, discharge or discolouration, head to your doctor for further examination,” she said.

For further information Ms MacDonald said visit the National Breast Cancer Foundation website.

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headspace music program hits right note for mental health

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headspace music program hits right note for mental health

It is Mental Health Month and headspace Lismore and Tweed teams are emphasising the importance of seeking support, saying it may look different to what people think.

headspace Senior Manager, Sim Balzer, says nowadays mental health support can take many varied forms.

“It can be creative, or active; in groups with peers, or it can be one-on-one and from the comfort of your bedroom. The great thing is, we can connect young people with the support style that works for them,” Balzer said.

Wednesday 9 October is National headspace Day and this year’s theme, “Pause. Reflect. Reconnect.”, encourages young people to find balance amidst life’s challenges by reconnecting to things that bring them joy. If that thing is music or filmmaking, then headspace Lismore have some programs for you.

Level 3 Music Studio

The Level 3 Music Studio is delivered by headspace Group Facilitator, Vincent McManus, better known as Vinnie. Passionate about the therapeutic benefits of music, Vinnie supports more than 30 young people a year through his music studio.

“Music not only allows young people to engage in creative expression, but it also helps them to define who they are and their place in the world and can bring about a wonderful sense of confidence and achievement”, Vinnie said.

“I believe the creative process is a powerful therapeutic avenue for young people to explore. And if some young artists want to find a pathway into the music industry, I can help them along their way,” Vinnie said.

Vinnie has assisted young musicians to enter national songwriting competitions, find paid performing gigs and record their music, as well as helping young actors with showreels and understanding what it takes to work in the film industry through his other group, the filmmakers Media Hub.

To connect with these groups young people first sign up to headspace support and meet with a member of our intake and access team.

“Often what’s been happening is, people find out about Music Studio and how awesome it is, and then sign up to headspace so they can access it,” Vinnie said. “Before signing up many don’t realise they get access to a counsellor completely free. And they may not have considered doing those sessions before. It is this wrap around support that can be so effective.”

“When you pull off a good song with someone who was feeling quite broken, and you create something so beautiful… it is wonderful. You watch them grow this confidence in themselves,” Vinnie said.

Local Lismore singer songwriter Mia French has been part of the Level 3 Music Program and supported by headspace for several years and says it is helpful to find someone to talk to and who listens and understands.

“And then I found out there was a music studio program which was crazy! And just perfect for me,” Mia said.

“I was able to record and produce my own original songs in a professional little studio, which was an amazing opportunity and something I had never had the chance to do before.

“I got to collaborate with other musicians, make new friends and even perform live gigs.

“I can honestly say that the support from the people and programs at headspace have really helped me find a stronger sense of what I can actually achieve,” Mia said.

Vincent ‘Vinnie’ McManus

Film, art and fresh fruits groups

If music isn’t your thing, there are other activities and groups to access including arts, games, Fresh Fruits LGBTIQSB+ group and of course, the film group, Media Hub.

“With the Media Hub, what I love seeing is the peer support,” Vinnie says. “When someone comes in and they’re talking about their stuff and someone else in the group says, ‘you know, I’ve been there, you should try this…this is what I’ve done’.

“There’s an incredible sharing of real information, and I love that. It is group members saying, “I’ve got you. I’ve got you.”

Youth mental health from the view of a young person

Sam Baynham is a member of headspace Lismore’s Young Peoples’ Advisory Committee (YPAC) and says there are still multiple barriers to young people seeking support for their mental health including transport access issues, stigmatisation, and cost of living pressures.

“The constant comparison where you are told there are people who are worse off – it’s a barrier to seeking support, it invalidates your experience. That stops a lot of people from seeking help, they think ‘there are people who need it more than me’, or ‘my issues aren’t enough,’” Sam said. “The cost of everything is a barrier also. Even just getting into a GP to get a care plan made up is difficult.”

When asked about some of the key challenges facing young people Sam said the impacts of the pandemic and flood are still lingering.

“They are still having a big ripple effect on young people’s mental health, and I think this will be around for quite a long time yet.”

“Definitely over the past couple of years the main challenges have been cost of living, cost of housing, food security and climate change – the worry is a big weight. Especially after Covid and the floods – at some point it all intertwines with one another.”

“I think social media is a big issue also, especially stuff like Snapchat and TikTok. Cos’ you know, people just post little snippets of the good parts of their lives. And there’s a lot of comparing that goes on in social media. A lot of it is false stuff, it can be damaging.”

“There’s no escape from social media. And if bullying is happening over Snapchat, it disappears, there is no trace of it.”

Sam’s message to other young people is to connect in to support at any time.

“Even when things aren’t going on, it’s ok to have those conversations at any time. You don’t have to be in a bad space to seek out support.”

Anytime is the right time for support

headspace Senior Manager Sim Balzer says it is encouraging to see young people accessing various forms of support at headspace Lismore, whether it’s counselling, seeing a GP or clinic nurse, attending groups, or producing film or music.

“This integrated, multi-faceted approach to care places the young person’s interests and strengths at the heart of the support, which is what makes it so effective.”

She also wants to stress that anytime is the right time to seek support.

“There are pointy bits to life, that’s for sure. But you don’t need to wait until things get worse. There is no judgment on whether your problem is too big or too small – we’re here for anyone who needs to chat,” Sim said. “Don’t be afraid to walk through the door.”

headspace, Australia’s National Youth Mental Health Foundation, provides early intervention mental health services to 12–25-year-olds.

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New volunteer opportunities at Grafton Base Hospital

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New volunteer opportunities at Grafton Base Hospital

Grafton Base Hospital has new opportunities for community members to join the volunteering program, where they can provide comfort and social support to patients during their hospital stay.

Following the success of the initial rollout of the new Healthcare Helper Volunteer Program across health facilities in Clarence Valley, Grafton Base Hospital has now opened up new roles in additional departments.

Clarence Health Service General Manager, Dan Madden said staff really welcome and value volunteers’ contribution to the hospital.

“We have been very pleased with the first cohort of volunteers and are encouraging more people from all walks of life to join us as Healthcare Helpers,” Mr Madden said.

“We are keen for the new volunteers at Grafton Base Hospital to reflect the diversity found within our broader community to ensure all patients feel comfortable and supported.

“We have several new patient companion roles now available in our oncology, renal, surgical, and medical wards.”

Volunteer at Maclean District Hospital, Ellie Walsh said she finds giving assistance to both patients and staff rewarding.

“Having the opportunity to help hard-working staff, while supporting patients during their stay and recuperation is a privilege,” Ms Walsh said.

“Seeing a patient smile in recognition, to laugh with them, to listen to their stories and help time pass more quickly, enriches my life.”

More information can be found online.

Volunteer enquiries about Grafton Base Hospital can be directed to the General Manager’s office via email: nnswlhd-volunteer@health.nsw.gov.au or Phone: 02 6643 0355.

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