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Rural News

How to beat barley grass in two years

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How to beat barley grass in two years

Dr Gurjeet Gill, associate professor at The University of Adelaide, says their research has shown large differences in seed dormancy between barley grass populations, leading to plants escaping control and causing seed bank replenishment late in the season.

“In 2018, we collected barley grass seed from 143 random populations from farms in the low rainfall zones of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia.

“In 2019, we identified two barley grass populations with contrasting seed dormancy from Upper Eyre Peninsula. These investigations into the role seed dormancy plays in weeds evading herbicide control have provided valuable insights into the management of barley grass,” he said.

Dr Gill said practices such as cropping intensity and sowing time can impose huge selection pressure on seed dormancy and shift the time of seedling emergence of weed populations. Such high dormancy populations are more difficult to manage than those that emerge as a single flush after the opening rains (i.e., low dormancy).

With investment from the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), Dr Gill and weeds researcher Ben Fleet have shown that effective barley grass control requires a two-year, multi-pronged strategy.

“Weed populations with high seed dormancy will have a slow and staggered weed establishment, which will reduce the effectiveness of pre-sowing knockdown herbicides, and dormant barley grass may also evade some pre-emergent herbicides,” Dr Gill said.

Management of both barley grass and brome grass will be one of many topics discussed at WeedSmart Week 2022 in Mildura, Victoria, from 30 August to 1 September.

What effect does seed dormancy have?

In brief: Late weed germination and seed bank replenishment.

The details: The effect of cropping intensity on weed seed dormancy has been studied extensively for ten years or more in different weeds. It is now well-established that higher cropping intensities select for greater weed seed dormancy.

The two barley grass populations with contrasting seed dormancy from Upper Eyre Peninsula collected in 2019 came from two paddocks – one with a low cropping frequency and one with a high cropping frequency. The difference in time required for 50% seed germination between the two populations was more than threefold (13 days vs 46 days).

In the random survey of barley grass across the low rainfall zones, seeds collected from the southern plains of NSW exhibited the lowest dormancy, emerging in an average of 8.9 days.

Populations from the central plains of NSW took 13.2 days, while seeds from the Victorian and South Australian Mallee took an average of 18.5 days to emerge. The average time to emergence for Western Australian populations was similar, ranging from 13.8 to 17.7 days.

The average for the barley grass populations collected from the Upper Eyre Peninsula was the highest dormancy of 32.6 days.

Barley grass seed that is still dormant at the time of crop planting will not be a target for pre-sowing knockdowns. Depending on the pre-emergent herbicides applied, the seed may germinate after the herbicide has broken down.

How to counter barley grass seed dormancy?

In brief: Crop competition, use effective pre-emergent herbicides such as Sakura in wheat, Clearfield crops using Group 2 [B] herbicides and stop seed set.

The details: Barley grass that germinates several weeks after the crop should be at a distinct disadvantage to the crop, resulting in lower weed biomass and seed production. However, if this seed finds itself in a poorly competitive crop there is an opportunity for significant seed bank replenishment.

This is compounded if the dormant barley grass seed is also resistant to Group 1 [A] and 2 [B] herbicides, as detected in low levels in WA, SA, and Vic. There are also some cases of barley grass resistant to glyphosate.

Higher crop seeding rate and altering the time of sowing have been consistently successful in combating weed seed dormancy and provide a good place to start. Harvest weed seed control is difficult due to the early maturity and seed shedding in barley grass.

How long does barley grass seed remain viable?

In brief: Up to two years.

The details: Seedbank persistence of barley grass was investigated in South Australia at three field sites – Karoonda (low rainfall), Roseworthy (medium rainfall) and Tarlee (high rainfall) for four years.

At the high rainfall site, barley grass emerged only in Year 1. At the medium and low rainfall sites, there was 0.2% and 12% emergence respectively from the initial seedbank in Year 2 and no emergence observed in Years 3 and 4. In WA, most barley grass seedlings emerged within a year; however, some barley grass establishment was observed in Years 3 and 4.

In paddocks with increasing numbers of late-germinating barley grass plants, implement a two-year Big 6 management program, incorporating competitive crops, alternative sowing dates, herbicide-tolerant break crops, effective herbicides and consider a winter clean with pasture or fallow to target barley grass.

 

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NFF Criticises Food Supply Chain Workforce Report for Lack of Actionable Data

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Food Supply Chain Rural News

NFF Criticises Food Supply Chain Workforce Report for Lack of Actionable Data

 

By Ian Rogers

The National Farmers’ Federation (NFF) has voiced its disappointment over the recently released final report by Jobs and Skills Australia (JSA) on the future of the food supply chain workforce. While the report presented 41 recommendations to address workforce challenges, NFF President David Jochinke said it fell short of providing the much-needed workforce data to inform policy and business decisions.

“The Government intended to solve a critical gap in workforce data, but this report has largely restated old problems without delivering meaningful new insights,” Mr. Jochinke said.

Old Problems, Few Solutions

Mr. Jochinke acknowledged that while the report didn’t meet industry expectations, some of its recommendations were encouraging. Key highlights included:

  • Working Holiday Maker Program: The report cautioned against changes to specified work provisions within the program, reinforcing its critical role in addressing agricultural labour shortages and safeguarding national food security.
  • Labour Hire Licensing: A national approach to labour hire licensing was identified as urgently needed, echoing long-standing industry calls for reform.
  • Pacific Australia Labour Mobility (PALM) Scheme: The report highlighted the need to reduce the costs of placing workers under the PALM scheme to maintain its viability for businesses and ensure maximum benefits for Pacific communities.
  • Short-Term Visa Pathway: JSA recommended a targeted, capped visa to address short-term workforce surges in horticulture, a sector particularly vulnerable to labour shortages.

Familiar Challenges

Mr. Jochinke noted that many of the recommendations closely resembled those in the National Agricultural Workforce Strategy, launched by the previous government in 2020.

“The report covers a broad range of issues facing the agricultural workforce, but there’s little here that is groundbreaking. Producers are already acutely aware of these challenges,” he said.

The Road Ahead

Despite its limitations, the NFF sees the report as an opportunity for the government to take decisive action.

“Perhaps the most redeeming feature of the report is that no stakeholder—be it industry, unions, or others—is entirely satisfied with its findings. What matters now is how the government chooses to respond,” Mr. Jochinke said.

With critical issues like labour shortages, visa reform, and workforce mobility still unresolved, the NFF is urging the government to use the report as a springboard for meaningful change.

“All the hardest work is yet to be done. The agricultural sector is watching closely to see whether the government is prepared to back this report with the action and investment needed to address our workforce crisis,” Mr. Jochinke said.

 

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AgCAREERSTART Welcomes Dozens of Young Australians to On-Farm Careers

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AgCAREERSTART

AgCAREERSTART Welcomes Dozens of Young Australians to On-Farm Careers

 

By Ian Rogers

The National Farmers’ Federation’s flagship gap-year program, AgCAREERSTART, is back for another year, with dozens of young Australians beginning their agricultural careers this week.

The program connects 17- to 25-year-olds with farmers across Australia, providing participants with job placements, pastoral support, training grants, and opportunities to build networks within the industry. Funded by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, AgCAREERSTART is now in its fourth year and has become a vital pathway into the agricultural sector.

O-Week Prepares Participants for Farm Life

This year’s program began with an action-packed Orientation Week (O-Week) in Ballarat, Victoria, where 54 participants visited farms, underwent training, and connected with program alumni. The event serves as an essential stepping stone for participants, many of whom are stepping into rural life for the first time.

One of the participants, 19-year-old Morgan Carroll-Keays, is moving from Victoria to a beef cattle operation near Stanley, Tasmania. Morgan sees the program as an ideal way to kickstart his career in agriculture.

“Having the $4,500 bursary makes it so much easier. We can upskill across the industry, even beyond our placement’s focus, which helps set us up for the future,” he said.

Morgan added that O-Week gave him the confidence and preparedness for his new role. “I’m looking forward to just getting involved, giving it a crack, and getting my hands dirty.”

A Growing Program with Strong Retention Rates

In 2025, approximately 70 young Australians are expected to join the program, bringing the total number of participants since AgCAREERSTART’s inception to nearly 250. With a retention rate of 83% of graduates remaining in agriculture post-program, the initiative is proving successful in attracting and retaining fresh talent in the sector.

AgCAREERSTART Project Manager, Kayla Evans, highlighted the importance of O-Week in helping participants transition to rural life.

“For many, this is their first full-time job, first time living away from home, and first time without their usual support network,” she said. “It’s incredibly rewarding to see 54 fresh and nervous faces arrive, and just days later, leave with new friends, excitement for the year ahead, and a readiness to get started on the farm.”

Building the Future of Agriculture

AgCAREERSTART continues to attract a diverse range of young Australians to the agriculture industry, offering participants hands-on experience, industry connections, and a launchpad for long-term careers.

For more information about the program, visit here.

 

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Opportunities for Students to Excel in Rural and Remote NSW

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Selective School Application

Opportunities for Students to Excel in Rural and Remote NSW

 

Parents of high potential and gifted students in rural and remote areas of NSW are encouraged to apply now for placement in online opportunity classes (OC) or selective high school classes for the 2026 academic year, with the application deadline fast approaching on 21 February 2025.

Who Can Apply?

  • Opportunity Classes (OC): For students currently in Year 4 in 2025.
  • Selective High School Classes: For students currently in Year 6 in 2025.

Aurora College: A Virtual Learning Experience

Run by the NSW Department of Education, Aurora College delivers online classes to students at over 700 host public schools across rural and regional NSW. The program is designed to minimise disruption to students’ lives while offering them advanced educational opportunities.

Key Features:

  • Online Classes: High-quality education delivered virtually at students’ local schools.
  • Residential Camps: Two camps each year, providing opportunities for students to meet classmates, collaborate in hands-on lessons, and attend specialist excursions.
  • Equity Placement Model: Ensures fair access for students from under-represented groups, including those from low socio-educational backgrounds, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander communities, rural and remote locations, and children with disabilities.

Equity Placement Model

Under the Equity Placement Model, 20% of all OC and selective school places are reserved for high potential and gifted students from under-represented groups.

  • Students may qualify if their test performance is within 10% of the general first-round offer threshold for their desired school.
  • More details are available on the Fair Access webpage.

Placement Tests

Once an application is submitted, students will be invited to take the Opportunity Class or Selective High School Placement Test between 2 and 4 May 2025. This year, the placement tests will shift from paper-based to computer-based formats.

How to Apply

Parents can view the list of Aurora College host schools and submit applications through the NSW Department of Education’s Selective High Schools and Opportunity Classes website.

Supporting Every Student to Thrive

Dr. Paul Wood, Executive Director of Educational Standards, NSW Department of Education, highlighted the program’s impact:

“Regardless of geography or background, we are committed to providing every child in NSW with access to an environment that supports them to reach their full potential.

“Aurora College enables students to remain in their local communities while benefiting from advanced educational opportunities. This minimises disruption to their and their families’ lives, allowing them to focus fully on their studies.”

For more information and to apply, visit the Department of Education website.

 

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News and Reviews

2024 Australian Macadamia Crop Exceeds Expectations Despite Weather Challenges

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2024 Australian Macadamia Crop

2024 Australian Macadamia Crop Exceeds Expectations Despite Weather Challenges

 

By Ian Rogers

The Australian Macadamia Society (AMS) has announced the completion of the 2024 macadamia harvest, with a total crop yield of 53,950 tonnes in-shell at 3.5% moisture (equivalent to 57,850 tonnes at 10% moisture). This marks an 11.5% increase in production compared to 2023, despite falling slightly short of the original forecast of 56,000 tonnes at 3.5% moisture.

Strong Performance Amid Adverse Conditions

AMS CEO Clare Hamilton-Bate praised growers for their resilience in overcoming challenges such as prolonged heat and extended wet weather during the season, which extended harvest into November for some regions.

“The 2024 season surpassed expectations, with significant improvements in kernel recovery, nut size, and overall quality,” Ms. Hamilton-Bate said.

The industry also noted a marked increase in the volume of cracked nuts, resulting in a higher quantity of kernels available for the market.

Regional Conditions and Early 2025 Outlook

Looking ahead, the 2025 crop is showing promise, with most regions experiencing favourable growing conditions.

  • South East Queensland and Northern NSW have faced mixed conditions, including high temperatures and wet weather, but flowering and nut set have been positive overall.
  • A significant number of young trees are expected to start bearing fruit next year, further boosting production.

“The outlook is optimistic, though it’s still early days,” Ms. Hamilton-Bate added.

Industry Context

The 2024 figures are based on factory receipts from the Australian Macadamia Handlers Association (AMHA), which represents 90% of Australia’s macadamia production, as well as estimated contributions from non-members.

This robust performance underlines the resilience and adaptability of Australia’s macadamia growers, positioning the industry for further growth in 2025.

Key Statistics for 2024 Crop

  • Total Production:
    • 53,950 tonnes in-shell at 3.5% moisture
    • 57,850 tonnes in-shell at 10% moisture
  • Year-on-Year Growth: +11.5% from 2023

The industry remains cautiously optimistic as it prepares for the challenges and opportunities of the coming year.

 

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Ballina News

“Australian lightweight champion from lil ol’ Swan Bay”

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Sunny McLean with his coach, Scott Smith. Boxing Northern Rivers News

“Australian lightweight champion from lil ol’ Swan Bay”

 

By Samantha Elley

Maddog boxing’s Sunny McLean has been going from strength to strength this past year, grabbing titles from each of the events he has been fighting in.

Sunny McLean and his coach, Scott Smith, who runs Maddox Boxing, were recently picked to represent Queensland as the fighter and coach team to compete in the national titles in Gosford.

Sunny won all his elimination bouts and beat the NSW champion in the gold medal fight, to become the newly crowned Australian champion in the lightweight division.

They were surprised with a visit from Jason and Andrew Moloney, world champion professional boxers.

“Every state in Australia was there with all the best fighters and the (Moloney brothers) came to support us, so we felt so special,” said Scott.

“They came to help me prepare Sunny for his last two fights in this event.”

Sunny was competing for Queensland as he already holds the title of QLD/NSW interstate champion.

“His first opponent, the referee stopped the fight in the 3rd round,” said Scott.

“His second opponent was the favourite from Tasmania and Sunny won that fight to go through for the gold medal against the NSW champion.

“Andy (co-trainer) and I worked out a plan to beat him and Sunny did exactly what he was asked and never last control of the situation.

“He is now the Australian lightweight champion from lil ol Swan Bay.”

 

For more local news, click here.

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